Dynamic fuel cell model improvement based on macroscopic energy representation

<p><span lang="EN-GB">In this paper, a new dynamic model is presented of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), using energetic macroscopic representation (EMR). This developed for electric automotive applications, powered by hybrid energy storage system (HESS). The PEMFC can be used as primary source, supercapacitors (SC) and/or batteries are secondary sources. design enables optimization use and reduction equipment costs, involving (FC) in transient regimes. takes into consideration phenomena, such double layer capacitance, charge transfer, losses caused propagation oxidant delay. has been tested validated BAHIA bench HELION/AREVA.</span></p>